What is a Concussion in Children?
A concussion in children is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when a blow, jolt, or bump to the head or body causes the brain to move rapidly within the skull. This sudden movement can result in temporary changes in brain function, leading to physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep-related symptoms. Concussion is common among children involved in contact sports such as football, soccer, hockey, basketball, and rugby.
Causes of Concussion in Children
Any activity that can lead to an injury to the head can cause a concussion. For example, a sudden blow or jolt to the head can cause the head to move quickly back and forth. This causes the brain to twist inside the skull, stretching the brain cells. Chemical changes in the brain temporarily disrupt normal brain function.
Some of the common causes of concussion in children include:
- Falls (most common in younger children)
- Sports-related injuries (football, soccer, basketball, etc.)
- Motor vehicle accidents/bicycle accidents
- Blows to the head during play or fights
Signs and Symptoms of Concussion in Children
Symptoms may appear immediately or develop over time and can include:
Physical Symptoms:
- Headache
- Dizziness or balance problems
- Nausea or vomiting
- Sensitivity to light or noise
- Blurred or double vision
- Fatigue or drowsiness
Cognitive Symptoms:
- Difficulty concentrating
- Trouble remembering recent events
- Slowed thinking or confusion
Emotional Symptoms:
- Irritability or mood swings
- Anxiety or sadness
- Increased emotional sensitivity
Sleep Disturbances:
- Sleeping more or less than usual
- Trouble falling or staying asleep
When to Seek Emergency Medical Care for Concussion?
You should seek immediate medical attention if a child has:
- Loss of consciousness (even briefly)
- Repeated vomiting
- Seizures
- Worsening headache
- Slurred speech or difficulty walking
- Extreme drowsiness or inability to wake up
- Unequal pupil size
Diagnosis of Concussion in Children
Diagnosing a concussion in children involves a clinical evaluation rather than relying on imaging tests. Key methods include:
Medical History & Symptom Assessment:
- Questions about the injury, symptoms, and any loss of consciousness.
- Evaluation of memory, concentration, and mood changes.
Neurological Examination:
- Checking balance, coordination, reflexes, and strength.
- Assessing pupil response, eye movement, and sensation.
Cognitive Testing:
- Evaluating attention, problem-solving, and memory.
Imaging (CT/MRI) – Only in Severe Cases:
- Used if there are signs of skull fracture, severe headache, repeated vomiting, seizures, or worsening symptoms.
Treatment for Concussion in Children
The treatment for concussion in children primarily involves physical and cognitive rest, symptom management, and a gradual return to activities under medical supervision. After the injury, the child should stop all physical activity and be monitored for symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, or confusion. Rest is crucial in the first 24–48 hours, with limited screen time and reduced mental exertion, including schoolwork. Pain can be managed with acetaminophen (Tylenol) if needed, while ibuprofen and aspirin should be avoided initially due to bleeding risk. As symptoms improve, a step-by-step return to normal activities is recommended, starting with light physical and cognitive tasks before resuming full school participation and sports, only after medical clearance. Parents should watch for worsening symptoms such as persistent vomiting, severe headaches, or difficulty walking, which require emergency care. To prevent future concussions, children should wear helmets during sports and follow safety rules.
